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Yuan dynasty
The Yuan〔Yuan: 〕 dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan〔 (; Mongolian: , ''Yehe Yuan Ulus''〔Or ''Ikh Yuan Üls/Yekhe Yuan Ulus'', also in Mongolian Cyrillic.〕), was the empire or ruling dynasty established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. Although the Mongols had ruled territories including today's North China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern Mongolia and Korea.〔Christopher P.Atwood – Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire〕 It was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368, after which its Genghisid rulers returned to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule the Northern Yuan dynasty. Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language, while others only used their native language (i.e. Mongolian) and the 'Phags-pa script.〔Herbert Franke-Could the Mongol emperors read and write Chinese?〕
The Yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty. It was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu. In the Proclamation of the Dynastic Name (《建國號詔》), Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty.〔《建國號詔》 In the ''Yuan Dianzhang'' (《元典章》)〕
In addition to Emperor of China, Kublai Khan also claimed the title of Great Khan, supreme over the other successor khanates: the Chagatai, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate. As such, the Yuan was also sometimes referred to as the Empire of the Great Khan. However, while the claim of supremacy by the Yuan emperors was at times recognized by the western khans, their subservience was nominal and each continued their own separate development.〔J.J.Saunders – The history of Mongol conquests〕〔Rene Grousset – The Empire of Steppes〕
== Name ==
In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (), establishing the Yuan dynasty.〔"Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the 'New Reform Era'", p39, note 69.〕 "Dà Yuán" (大元) is from the sentence "" (dà zai Qián Yuán / "Great is Qián, the Primal") in the ''Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching)'' section regarding Qián (乾). The counterpart in Mongolian language was ''Dai Ön Ulus'', also rendered as ''Ikh Yuan Üls'' or ''Yekhe Yuan Ulus''. In Mongolian, ''Dai Ön'' (Great Yuan) is often used in conjunction with the "Yeke Mongghul Ulus" (lit. "Great Mongol State"), resulting in ''Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus''〔"The Early Mongols: Language, Culture and History" by Volker Rybatzki & Igor de Rachewiltz, p116〕 (Mongolian script: 80px), meaning "Great Yuan Great Mongol State".〔(Kublai Khan Biography )〕 The Yuan dynasty is also known as the "Mongol dynasty"〔Asian Nationalism, by Michael Leifer, Professor of International Relations Michael Leifer, p23〕 or "Mongol Dynasty of China",〔A Military History of Japan: From the Age of the Samurai to the 21st Century: From the Age of the Samurai to the 21st Century, John T. Kuehn Ph.D., p61〕 similar to the names "Manchu dynasty"〔Voyages in World History, by Valerie Hansen, Ken Curtis, p53〕 or "Manchu Dynasty of China"〔The Military Engineer, Volume 40, p580〕 for the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the "Empire of the Great Khan" or "Khanate of the Great Khan",〔Focus On World History: The Era Of Expanding Global Connections - 1000-1500 C.e.:grades 7-9, by Kathy Sammis, p46〕 which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Great Khan. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271.
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